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CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA (ratified 1945) PREAMBLE To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure jus- tice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happi- ness of the citizen, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, relying upon the pro- tection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and estab- lish this Constitution. ARTICLE I BILL OF RIGHTS SECTION I Par. 1 All government, of right, originates with the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole. Public officers are the trustees and servants of the people, and at all times, amenable to them. Par. 2 Protection to person and property is the paramount duty of the government, and shall be impartial and complete. Par. 3 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, except by due process of law. Par. 4 No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute or de- fend his own cause in any of the courts of this State, in person, by attorney, or both. Par. 5 Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this State shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel; shall be furnished, on demand, with a copy of the accusa- tion, and a list of the witnesses on whose testimony the charge against him is founded; shall have compulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses; shall be confronted with the witnesses testifying against him; and shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury. Par. 6 No person shall be compelled to give testimony tending in any manner to incriminate himself. Par. 7 Neither banishment beyond the limits of the State, nor whip- ping, as a punishment for crime, shall be allowed. Par. 8 No person shall be put in jeopardy of life or liberty more than once for the same offense, save on his, or her own motion for a new trial after conviction, or in case of mis- trial. Par. 9 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted; nor shall any person be abused in being arrested, while under arrest, or in prison. Par. 10 No person shall be compelled to pay costs except after con- viction on final trial. Par. 11 The writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended. Par. 12 All men have the natural and inalienable right to worship God, each according to the dictates of his own conscience, and no human authority should, in any case, control or interfere with such right of conscience. Par. 13 No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or property, or prohibited from holding any public office, or trust, on account of his religious opinions; but the right of liberty of conscience shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices incon- sistent with the peace and safety of the State. Par. 14 No money shall ever be taken from the public Treasury, di- rectly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect, or denomi- nation of religionists, or of any sectarian institution. Par. 15 No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain the lib- erty of speech, or of the press; any person may speak, write and publish his sentiments, on all subjects, being respon- sible for the abuse of that liberty. Par. 16 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath, or affirmation, particularly describing the place, or places, to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Par. 17 There shall be within the State of Georgia neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, save as punishment for crime after legal conviction thereof. Par. 18 The social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legislation. Par. 19 The civil authority shall be superior to the military, and no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except by the civil magistrate, in such manner as may be provided by law. Par. 20 The power of the Courts to punish for contempt shall be lim- ited by legislative acts. Par. 21 There shall be no imprisonment for debt. Par. 22 The right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed, but the General Assembly shall have power to pre- scribe the manner in which arms may be borne. Par. 23 The legislative, judicial, and executive powers shall for- ever remain separate and distinct, and no person discharging the duties of one, shall, at the same time, exercise the functions of either of the others, except as herein pro- vided. Par. 24 The people have the right to assemble peaceably for their common good and to apply to those vested with the powers of government for redress of grievances by petition or remon- strance. Par. 25 All citizens of the United States, resident in this State, are hereby declared citizens of this State, and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to enact such laws as will protect them in the full enjoyment of the rights, privileges and immunities due to such citizenship. SECTION II Par. 1 In all prosecutions or indictments for libel the truth may be given in evidence; and the jury in all criminal cases, shall be the judges of the law and the facts. The power of the judges to grant new trials in case of conviction is preserved. Par. 2 Treason against the State of Georgia, shall consist in levy- ing war against her; adhering to her enemies; giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. Par. 3 No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate. Par. 4 All lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are hereby prohibited; and this prohibition shall be enforced by penal laws. Par. 5 Lobbying is declared to be a crime, and the General Assembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties. Par. 6 The General Assembly shall have the power to provide for the punishment of fraud; and, shall provide by law, for reaching property of the debtor concealed from the creditor. SECTION III Par. 1 1. In case of necessity, private ways may be granted upon just compensation being first paid by the applicant. Pri- vate property shall not be taken, or damaged, for public purposes, without just and adequate compensation being first paid, except that when private property is taken or damaged for public road and street purposes by the State and the counties and the municipalities of the State, just and adequate compensation therefor need not be paid until the same has been finally fixed and determined as provided by law, but such just and adequate compensation shall then be paid in preference to all other obligations except bonded indebtedness. The General Assembly may by law require the condemnor to make prepayment against adequate compensation as a condition precedent to the exercise of the right of eminent domain and provide for the disbursement of the same to the end that the rights and equities of the property owner, lien holders, and the State and its subdivisions may be protected. 2. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Constitution, the General Assembly of the State of Georgia may be (by) law require the State and State agencies and institutions, and counties, municipalities, school districts, political sub- divisions, public authorities, public agencies, public corporations and public instrumentalities created under this Constitution or the laws of this State: (i) to provide relocation assistance and payments to persons displaced by public projects or programs undertaken or sponsored by the foregoing public entities, including without limitation, all of those relocation assistances and payments as are, by Section 210 of that certain Act of Congress of the United States of America Known as the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-646, 91st Congress, approved January 2, 1971), re- quired to be made or furnished to such displaced persons by such public entities in order that federal financial assist- ance can be made available to such public entities with re- spect to the public projects or programs causing such dis- placements, and (ii) to establish and implement acquisition policies and practices and provide for the payment or re- imbursement of necessary expenses of persons whose proper- ties are acquired in connection with the acquisition of real property for public projects or programs, such policies, practices, payments and reimbursements to include, without limitation, those real property acquisitions policies, practices, payments and reimbursements which Section 305 of said Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acqui- sition Policies Act of 1970 requires that the foregoing public entities establish and implement or pay and reim- burse, as the case may be, in acquiring real property for a public project or program in order that federal financial assistance can be made available to such public entities with respect to such projects or programs. The providing of all of such relocation assistances and payments and, in connection with the acquisition of real property for public projects or programs, the establishing of all of such neces- sary expenses, are declared to be necessary, among other reasons, in order to avoid the loss of large sums of money which will otherwise be made available to the foregoing public entities as financial assistance by the United States of America and shall constitute governmental functions undertaken for public purposes, and the powers of taxation may be exercised and public funds expended in furtherance thereof. [Editorial note: The title of Paragraph I was amended and subparagraph 2 added by amendment ratified November 7, 1972.] Par. 2 No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or making irrevo- cable grant of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed. Par. 3 All exemptions from taxation heretofore granted in corporate charters are declared henceforth null and void. SECTION IV Par. 1 Laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the State, and no special law shall be enacted in any case for which provision has been made by an existing general law. No general law affecting private rights, shall be varied in any particular case, by special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all persons to be affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to contract, is capable of such consent. [Editorial note: that portion of Paragraph I beginning with the word "except" and continuing to the end of the paragraph was added by an amendment ratified on November 8, 1960.] Par. 2 Legislative acts in violation of this Constitution, or the Constitution of the United States, are void, and the Judici- ary shall so declare them. SECTION V Par. 1 The people of this State have the inherent, sole and exclu- sive right to regulating their internal government, and the police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their Consti- tution whenever it may be necessary to their safety and hap- piness. Par. 2 The enumeration of rights herein contained as a part of this Constitution shall not be construed to deny to the people any inherent rights which they may have hitherto enjoyed. SECTION VI Par. 1 The act of the General Assembly approved December 16, 1902, which extends the title of ownership of lands abutting on tide water to low water mark is hereby ratified and con- firmed.